@ARTICLE{2026arXiv260307374M, author = {{Matur}, Rahime and {Karaka{\textcommabelow s}}, Beyhan and {Haas}, Roland and {Hawke}, Ian and {Andersson}, Nils and {Brandt}, Steven R.}, title = "{A Reproducible Black Hole-Neutron Star Merger Gallery Example for the Einstein Toolkit}", journal = {arXiv e-prints}, keywords = {High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology}, year = 2026, month = mar, eid = {arXiv:2603.07374}, pages = {arXiv:2603.07374}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2603.07374}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {2603.07374}, primaryClass = {astro-ph.HE}, adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026arXiv260307374M}, adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} } @ARTICLE{Zach_igm12015, author = {{Etienne}, Zachariah B. and {Paschalidis}, Vasileios and {Haas}, Roland and {M{\"o}sta}, Philipp and {Shapiro}, Stuart L.}, title = "{IllinoisGRMHD: an open-source, user-friendly GRMHD code for dynamical spacetimes}", journal = {Classical and Quantum Gravity}, keywords = {GRMHD, magnetohydrodynamics, general relativity, black holes, neutron stars, gamma-ray bursts, relativistic astrophysics, 04.25.D-, 04.30.Tv, 04.40.Dg, 07.05.Tp, 47.75.+f, 52.30.Cv, 95.75.Pq, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology}, year = 2015, month = sep, volume = {32}, number = {17}, eid = {175009}, pages = {175009}, doi = {10.1088/0264-9381/32/17/175009}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {1501.07276}, primaryClass = {astro-ph.HE}, adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CQGra..32q5009E}, adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} } @misc{Zach_igm22020, author = {{Etienne}, Zachariah B. and {Paschalidis}, Vasileios and {Haas}, Roland and {Moesta}, Philipp and {Shapiro}, Stuart L.}, title = "{IllinoisGRMHD: GRMHD code for dynamical spacetimes}", howpublished = {Astrophysics Source Code Library, record ascl:2004.003}, year = 2020, month = apr, eid = {ascl:2004.003}, archivePrefix = {ascl}, eprint = {2004.003}, adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ascl.soft04003E}, adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} } @ARTICLE{Zach_igm32023, author = {{Werneck}, Leonardo R. and {Etienne}, Zachariah B. and {Murguia-Berthier}, Ariadna and {Haas}, Roland and {Cipolletta}, Federico and {Noble}, Scott C. and {Ennoggi}, Lorenzo and {Lopez Armengol}, Federico G. and {Giacomazzo}, Bruno and {Assump{\c{c}}{\~a}o}, Thiago and {Faber}, Joshua and {Gupte}, Tanmayee and {Kelly}, Bernard J. and {Krolik}, Julian H.}, title = "{Addition of tabulated equation of state and neutrino leakage support to IllinoisGRMHD}", journal = {\prd}, keywords = {General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics}, year = 2023, month = feb, volume = {107}, number = {4}, eid = {044037}, pages = {044037}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.107.044037}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {2208.14487}, primaryClass = {gr-qc}, adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023PhRvD.107d4037W}, adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} } @ARTICLE{etcode, author = {Löffler, Frank and Faber, Joshua and Bentivegna, Eloisa and Bode, Tanja and Diener, Peter and Haas, Roland and Hinder, Ian and Mundim, Bruno C. and Ott, Christian D. and Schnetter, Erik and Allen, Gabrielle and Campanelli, Manuela and Laguna, Pablo}, title = "{The Einstein Toolkit: a community computational infrastructure for relativistic astrophysics }", journal = {Classical and Quantum Gravity}, year = 2012, volume = {29}, adsurl = {2012CQGra..29k5001L} } @article{Grandclement:2009ju, author = "Grandclement, Philippe", title = "{Kadath: A Spectral solver for theoretical physics}", eprint = "0909.1228", archivePrefix = "arXiv", primaryClass = "gr-qc", doi = "10.1016/j.jcp.2010.01.005", journal = "J. Comput. Phys.", volume = "229", pages = "3334--3357", year = "2010" } @ARTICLE{fuka, author = {{Papenfort}, L. Jens and {Tootle}, Samuel D. and {Grandcl{\'e}ment}, Philippe and {Most}, Elias R. and {Rezzolla}, Luciano}, title = "{New public code for initial data of unequal-mass, spinning compact-object binaries}", journal = {\prd}, keywords = {General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena}, year = 2021, month = jul, volume = {104}, number = {2}, eid = {024057}, pages = {024057}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.104.024057}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {2103.09911}, primaryClass = {gr-qc}, adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PhRvD.104b4057P}, adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} } @ARTICLE{GRHayL, author = {{Cupp}, Samuel and {Werneck}, Leonardo R. and {Jacques}, Terrence Pierre and {Tootle}, Samuel and {Etienne}, Zachariah B.}, title = "{GRHayL: a modern, infrastructure-agnostic, extensible library for GRMHD simulations}", journal = {arXiv e-prints}, keywords = {General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena}, year = 2025, month = dec, eid = {arXiv:2512.15846}, pages = {arXiv:2512.15846}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2512.15846}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {2512.15846}, primaryClass = {gr-qc}, adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025arXiv251215846C}, adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} } @article{ ahfinderdirect1, author = "Jonathan Thornburg", title = "Finding Apparent Horizons in Numerical Relativity", journal = "Physical Review D", pages = "4899--4918", volume = 54, number = 8, year = 1996, month = "October 15", eprint = "gr-qc/9508014", } @article{ ahfinderdirect2, author = "Jonathan Thornburg", title = "A Fast Apparent-Horizon Finder for 3-Dimensional {C}artesian Grids in Numerical Relativity", journal = "Classical and Quantum Gravity", volume = 21, number = 2, year = "2004", month = "January 21", pages = "743--766", doi = "10.1088/0264-9381/21/2/026", url = "http://stacks.iop.org/0264-9381/21/743", eprint = "gr-qc/0306056", note = "gr-qc/0306056", } @Article{ahfinderdirect3, suggested-for ="Einsteinanalysis/Noexcision McLachlan/ML_BSSN", author = "Brown, J. David and Diener, Peter and Sarbach, Olivier and Schnetter, Erik and Tiglio, Manuel", title = "{Turduckening black holes: an analytical and computational study}", journal = "Phys. Rev. D", volume = "79", year = 2009, pages = 044023, eprint = "arXiv:0809.3533 [gr-qc]", adsurl = {http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/find/hep/www?rawcmd=find+doi+10.1103/PhysRevD.79.044023}, doi = "10.1103/PhysRevD.79.044023", SLACcitation = "%%CITATION = 0809.3533;%%" } @article{QLM, requested-for ="LSUThorns/QuasiLocalMeasures", author = "Dreyer, Olaf and Krishnan, Badri and Shoemaker, Deirdre and Schnetter, Erik", title = "{Introduction to isolated horizons in numerical relativity}", journal = "Phys. Rev. D", volume = 67, pages = 024018, doi = "10.1103/PhysRevD.67.024018", year = 2003, eprint = "arXiv:gr-qc/0206008", } @article{loffler_einstein_2012, title = {The {Einstein} {Toolkit}: a community computational infrastructure for relativistic astrophysics}, volume = {29}, issn = {0264-9381}, shorttitle = {The {Einstein} {Toolkit}}, url = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012CQGra..29k5001L}, doi = {10.1088/0264-9381/29/11/115001}, abstract = {We describe the Einstein Toolkit, a community-driven, freely accessible computational infrastructure intended for use in numerical relativity, relativistic astrophysics, and other applications. The toolkit, developed by a collaboration involving researchers from multiple institutions around the world, combines a core set of components needed to simulate astrophysical objects such as black holes, compact objects, and collapsing stars, as well as a full suite of analysis tools. The Einstein Toolkit is currently based on the Cactus framework for high-performance computing and the Carpet adaptive mesh refinement driver. It implements spacetime evolution via the BSSN evolution system and general relativistic hydrodynamics in a finite-volume discretization. The toolkit is under continuous development and contains many new code components that have been publicly released for the first time and are described in this paper. We discuss the motivation behind the release of the toolkit, the philosophy underlying its development, and the goals of the project. A summary of the implemented numerical techniques is included, as are results of numerical test covering a variety of sample astrophysical problems.}, urldate = {2023-12-16}, journal = {Classical and Quantum Gravity}, author = {Löffler, Frank and Faber, Joshua and Bentivegna, Eloisa and Bode, Tanja and Diener, Peter and Haas, Roland and Hinder, Ian and Mundim, Bruno C. and Ott, Christian D. and Schnetter, Erik and Allen, Gabrielle and Campanelli, Manuela and Laguna, Pablo}, month = jun, year = {2012}, note = {ADS Bibcode: 2012CQGra..29k5001L}, keywords = {Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology}, pages = {115001}, } @article{zilhao_introduction_2013, title = {An {Introduction} to the {Einstein} {Toolkit}}, volume = {28}, issn = {0217-751X}, url = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013IJMPA..2840014Z}, doi = {10.1142/S0217751X13400149}, abstract = {We give an introduction to the Einstein Toolkit, a mature, open-source computational infrastructure for numerical relativity based on the Cactus Framework, for the target group of new users. This toolkit is composed of several different modules, is developed by researchers from different institutions throughout the world and is in active continuous development. Documentation for the toolkit and its several modules is often scattered across different locations, a difficulty new users may at times have to struggle with. Scientific papers exist describing the toolkit and its methods in detail, but they might be overwhelming at first. With these lecture notes we hope to provide an initial overview for new users. We cover how to obtain, compile and run the toolkit, and give an overview of some of the tools and modules provided with it.}, urldate = {2023-12-16}, journal = {International Journal of Modern Physics A}, author = {Zilhão, Miguel and Löffler, Frank}, month = sep, year = {2013}, note = {ADS Bibcode: 2013IJMPA..2840014Z}, keywords = {04.25.D-, 04.30.-w, 04.70.-s, Einstein toolkit, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, General relativity, Gravitational waves: theory, Numerical relativity, Physics - Computational Physics, Physics of black holes, numerical relativity}, pages = {1340014--126}, } @misc{EinsteinToolkit:web, author = {{The Einstein Toolkit}}, title = {The Einstein Toolkit}, year = {2026}, howpublished = {\url{https://einsteintoolkit.org} (accessed January 30, 2026)}, note = {Suggested for Cactus/Cactus} } @inproceedings{allen_cactus_1999, title = {The {Cactus} computational toolkit and using distributed computing to collide neutron stars}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/805282}, doi = {10.1109/HPDC.1999.805282}, abstract = {We are developing a system for collaborative research and development for a distributed group of researchers at different institutions around the world. In a new paradigm for collaborative computational science, the computer code and supporting infrastructure itself becomes the collaborating instrument, just as an accelerator becomes the collaborating tool for large numbers of distributed researchers in particle physics. The design of this "collaboratory" allows many users, with very different areas of expertise, to work coherently together, on distributed computers around the world. Different supercomputers may be used separately, or for problems exceeding the capacity of any single system, multiple supercomputers may be networked together through high speed gigabit networks. Central to this collaboratory is a new type of community simulation code, called "Cactus". The scientific driving force behind this project is the simulation of Einstein's equations for studying black holes, gravitational waves, and neutron stars, which has brought together researchers in very different fields from many groups around the world to make advances in the study of relativity and astrophysics. But the system is also being developed to provide scientists and engineers, without expert knowledge of parallel or distributed computing, mesh refinement, and so on, with a simple framework for solving any system of partial differential equations on many parallel computer systems, from traditional supercomputers to networks of workstations.}, urldate = {2023-12-16}, booktitle = {Proceedings. {The} {Eighth} {International} {Symposium} on {High} {Performance} {Distributed} {Computing} ({Cat}. {No}.{99TH8469})}, author = {Allen, G. and Goodale, T. and Masso, J. and Seidel, E.}, month = aug, year = {1999}, note = {ISSN: 1082-8907}, pages = {57--61}, } @Misc{goodale_cactus_2003, address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, series = {Lecture {Notes} in {Computer} {Science}}, title = {The {Cactus} {Framework} and {Toolkit}: {Design} and {Applications}}, isbn = {9783540365693}, shorttitle = {The {Cactus} {Framework} and {Toolkit}}, doi = {10.1007/3-540-36569-9_13}, abstract = {We describe Cactus, a framework for building a variety of computing applications in science and engineering, including astrophysics, relativity and chemical engineering.We first motivate by example the need for such frameworks to support multi-platform, high performance applications across diverse communities. We then describe the design of the latest release of Cactus (Version 4.0) a complete rewrite of earlier versions, which enables highly modular, multi-language, parallel applications to be developed by single researchers and large collaborations alike. Making extensive use of abstractions, we detail how we are able to provide the latest advances in computational science, such as interchangeable parallel data distribution and high performance IO layers, while hiding most details of the underlying computational libraries from the application developer. We survey how Cactus 4.0 is being used by various application communities, and describe how it will also enable these applications to run on the computational Grids of the near future.}, language = {en}, booktitle = {High {Performance} {Computing} for {Computational} {Science} — {VECPAR} 2002}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Goodale, Tom and Allen, Gabrielle and Lanfermann, Gerd and Massó, Joan and Radke, Thomas and Seidel, Edward and Shalf, John}, editor = {Palma, José M. L. M. and Sousa, A. Augusto and Dongarra, Jack and Hernández, Vicente}, year = {2003}, keywords = {Application Developer, Computational Science, Message Passing, Numerical Relativity, Parallel Operation}, pages = {197--227}, } @Misc{Cactuscode:web, author = {{Cactus developers}}, suggested-for ={Cactus/Cactus}, title = {{Cactus Computational Toolkit}}, key = {Cactus developers}, year = {2023}, howpublished = {\url{https://www.cactuscode.org} (accessed January 30, 2026)} } @Misc{Cactusprize:web, suggested-for ={Cactus/Cactus}, title = {{Cactus Computational Toolkit Prizes}}, key = {Cactus developers}, url = {https://www.cactuscode.org/media/prizes/} } @Misc{CarpetCode:web, author = {Schnetter, Erik}, key = {Carpet}, suggested-for ={Carpet/Carpet}, note = {{Carpet}: Adaptive Mesh Refinement for the {Cactus} Framework}, year = {2023}, howpublished = {\url{https://bitbucket.org/eschnett/carpet.git} (accessed January 30, 2026)} } @article{Schnetter:2003rb, requested-for ="Carpet/Carpet", author = "Schnetter, Erik and Hawley, Scott H. and Hawke, Ian", title = "{Evolutions in 3-D numerical relativity using fixed mesh refinement}", journal = "Class. Quantum Grav.", volume = 21, pages = "1465-1488", doi = "10.1088/0264-9381/21/6/014", year = 2004, eprint = "arXiv:gr-qc/0310042", } @Misc{McLachlan:web, suggested-for ="McLachlan/ML_BSSN", key = {McLachlan}, title = {{McLachlan}, a Public {BSSN} Code}, url = {https://www.cct.lsu.edu/~eschnett/McLachlan/}, } @Misc{Kranc:web, suggested-for ="McLachlan/ML_BSSN", key = {Kranc}, title = {{Kranc}: {Kranc} Assembles Numerical Code}, url = {http://kranccode.org/}, } @Article{Brown:2008sb, suggested-for ="Einsteinanalysis/Noexcision McLachlan/ML_BSSN", author = "Brown, J. David and Diener, Peter and Sarbach, Olivier and Schnetter, Erik and Tiglio, Manuel", title = "{Turduckening black holes: an analytical and computational study}", journal = "Phys. Rev. D", volume = "79", year = 2009, pages = 044023, eprint = "arXiv:0809.3533 [gr-qc]", adsurl = {https://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/find/hep/www?rawcmd=find+doi+10.1103/PhysRevD.79.044023}, doi = "10.1103/PhysRevD.79.044023", SLACcitation = "%%CITATION = 0809.3533;%%" } @article{DelZanna:2002rv, suggested-for = {WVUThorns/IllinoisGRMHD}, author = "Del Zanna, Luca and Bucciantini, Niccol{\'o} and Londrillo, Pasquale", title = "{An efficient shock-capturing central-type scheme for multidimensional relativistic flows. 2. Magnetohydrodynamics}", journal = "Astron. Astrophys.", volume = "400", pages = "397-414", doi = "10.1051/0004-6361:20021641", year = "2003", eprint = "arXiv:astro-ph/0210618 [astro-ph]", SLACcitation = "%%CITATION = ASTRO-PH/0210618;%%", } @article{Noble:2005gf, requested-for = {WVUThorns/IllinoisGRMHD}, author = "Noble, Scott C. and Gammie, Charles F. and McKinney, Jonathan C. and Del Zanna, Luca", title = "{Primitive variable solvers for conservative general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics}", journal = "Astrophys. J.", volume = "641", pages = "626-637", doi = "10.1086/500349", year = "2006", eprint = "arXiv:astro-ph/0512420", SLACcitation = "%%CITATION = ASTRO-PH/0512420;%%", } @ARTICLE{kranc2, author = {{Husa}, Sascha and {Hinder}, Ian and {Lechner}, Christiane}, title = "{Kranc: a Mathematica package to generate numerical codes for tensorial evolution equations}", journal = {Computer Physics Communications}, keywords = {04.25.Dm, 2.70.Bf, 2.60.Cb, Numerical relativity, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology}, year = 2006, month = jun, volume = {174}, number = {12}, pages = {983-1004}, doi = {10.1016/j.cpc.2006.02.002}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {gr-qc/0404023}, primaryClass = {gr-qc}, adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006CoPhC.174..983H}, adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} }